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Does the programming of virtual reality (VR) characters impact VR treatments for paranoia?

Researchers from the BRC’s Psychological Treatments Theme have contributed to a recent article on the programming characteristics of VR characters and their interpretations by people with paranoia.

Paranoia, when a person perceives hostile intent where there is none, is prevalent in the general population. VR is being used increasingly as a tool to study and treat paranoia, as previous studies have shown that people who mistakenly perceive hostile intent from others also perceive a similar threat from virtual characters.

The article, published recently in Scientific Journals, “A randomised controlled test in virtual reality of the effects on paranoid thoughts of virtual humans’ facial animation and expression” explains the research into how detailed programming the faces of VR characters affects experiences of paranoia in the study participants.  

Virtual benefits for the real world

Daniel Freeman, NIHR Research Professor and Professor of Clinical Psychology, University of Oxford and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust

Winner of the 2017 i4i Mental Health Challenge Award.

How can we improve outcomes for people with severe mental health difficulties? The issue is an urgent one: all too often, individuals with psychosis find day-to-day life so anxiety-provoking that they simply withdraw. Everyday tasks — getting on a bus, doing the shopping, speaking to other people — become very challenging. Work and home life suffer. And mental and physical health deteriorate.

A stark statistic: people with psychosis (and the NHS cares for over 200,000 such individuals each year) have a life expectancy 14.5 years shorter on average than the rest of the population, with inactivity a major contributory factor.

Yet a ruinous spiral of isolation is most certainly not inevitable. Psychological therapy can be very beneficial here. But it needs to be the right kind of therapy. What works best is active coaching in the situations that trouble people, helping patients move beyond their fears. However, this is difficult without a skilled therapist who has the time to get out and about with patients. And patients often find the idea frightening. The result is that a potentially powerful treatment is seldom actually delivered.

A technological solution

This is why we’re so delighted to be the first winners of the NIHR i4i Mental Health Challenge Award. We believe it will enable us to help transform the lives of many NHS patients with severe mental health problems, dramatically increasing access to the most effective types of psychological intervention. How will we do this? By using state-of-the-art immersive virtual reality technology.

In our VR we take people into sophisticated simulations of the real-life scenarios they find troubling. We do it in a graded way, so patients aren’t presented with situations they really can’t cope with at first. And we make it fun. Patients find it easier to do this work in the virtual world – and they enjoy using our VR applications. As one of our pilot study patients commented: “It’s an incredible experience.” But the beauty is that the benefits transfer to the real world.

One of the most innovative features of our VR is our virtual therapist. A friendly computer-generated avatar, voiced by a real person, carefully guides the patient through the therapeutic work, helping them practise techniques to overcome their difficulties. In effect, the treatment is automated, making it a low-cost yet effective complement to existing care.

Video credit: Oxford VR

Accessibility is key

At present VR isn’t routinely used in NHS mental health services. But the i4i Challenge Award will change that, allowing us to demonstrate the positive difference VR therapy can make — both for people with psychosis and, in the future, for patients with other psychological disorders.

Our project comprises three main stages. First is the design and development of the VR treatment, building on the work we’ve done over many years. Our aim is a treatment that’s easy to use, engaging, and right for patient needs. Here the involvement of the McPin Foundation, who will ensure that the patient voice is heard at all stages of the project, will be invaluable. Stage two is a large multi-centre clinical trial in NHS trusts across the country to demonstrate the benefits of the VR treatment. The third part of the project will see us develop a roadmap to roll out the treatment across the NHS.

The Award has allowed us to assemble an amazing — and unusually diverse — team, bringing together patients, psychologists, psychiatrists, nurses, designers, computer scientists, healthcare experts, statisticians, health economists. As well as the McPin Foundation, we have the Royal College of Art, who will contribute innovative, socially inclusive design; NIHR MindTech, who are specialists in the development and adoption of new digital technologies in mental health; the University of Oxford spinout company Oxford VR/Nowican, who will build the treatment and help plan for the long-term adoption of the technology; and several NHS mental health trusts, who will trial the treatment and its implementation.

A large team, to be sure, and one drawn from a variety of disciplines and organisations. But our goal is clear: to combine the very best psychological science with cutting-edge technology. By doing so, we believe we can help many more individuals with mental health problems to lead the lives they wish to lead. With the i4i Challenge Award, that aspiration has taken a huge step toward realisation.

Daniel Freeman, NIHR Research Professor and Professor of Clinical Psychology, University of Oxford and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, and winner of the 2017 i4i Mental Health Challenge Award.

*Do you have an innovation that could address unmet clinical need in mental health through medical technology? More information on how to apply to the 2018 Challenge Award is available on the NIHR website.

The project applicant team are Prof Daniel Freeman, Dr Felicity Waite, Prof David Clark, Dr Aitor Rovira, Prof Ly-Mee Yu, Dr Jose Leal, Prof John Geddes (University of Oxford and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust), Dr Thomas Kabir and Dr Dan Robotham (McPin Foundation), Prof Chris Hollis, Dr Jennifer Martin, Dr Mike Craven, and Dr Sue Brown (NIHR MindTech and Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust), Prof Mel Slater (University of Barcelona), Jonathan West and Ed Matthews (Royal College of Art), Dr Robert Dudley (Newcastle University and Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust), Prof Tony Morrison (University of Manchester and Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust), Dr Kate Chapman (Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust), and Jason Freeman (Oxford VR/Nowican).

The views and opinions expressed in this blog are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the NIHR, NHS or the Department of Health and Social Care.
Blog kindly reproduced from the NIHR website.

Major NIHR award to develop VR treatment in the NHS for mental health disorders

The National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) has awarded £4 million to enable state-of-the-art psychological therapy to be delivered via virtual reality (VR) in the NHS.

The project, led by Daniel Freeman, NIHR Research Professor and Professor of Clinical Psychology, University of Oxford and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, brings together a team of NHS trusts, universities, a mental health charity, the Royal College of Art, and a University of Oxford spin-out company.

Our project will see one of the most exciting and powerful new technologies implemented in the NHS for the first time. Virtual reality treatment can help patients transform their lives. When people put on our headsets, a virtual coach takes them into computer-generated simulations of the situations they find troubling.
– Professor Daniel Freeman

There are three main stages to the project: a design phase to ensure the VR treatment is simple to use, engaging, and right for patient needs; a large multi-centre clinical trial in NHS trusts across the country, to demonstrate the benefits of the VR treatment; and making a roadmap to roll out the treatment across the NHS.

Professor Freeman says: “The coach guides the patient through these scenarios, helping them practise techniques to overcome their difficulties. Patients often find it easier to do this work in the virtual world – and they enjoy using our VR applications – but the beauty is that the benefits transfer to the real world.

“Our new treatment is automated – the virtual coach leads the therapy – and it uses inexpensive VR kit, so it has the potential for widespread use in the NHS. We’re inspired by the opportunity VR provides to increase dramatically the number of people who can access the most effective psychological therapies.

“Realising this ambition will require much work, but our amazing team of patients, NHS staff, researchers, and designers has all the capabilities to achieve it. Over the next three years this major investment should lead to real and positive change in services for patients.”

PROFESSOR DANIEL FREEMAN DISCUSSES THE PROJECT ON BBC SOUTH TODAY

 

Lord O’Shaughnessy, the Parliamentary Under Secretary at the Department of Health & Social Care, announced the £4 million NIHR award to Professor Freeman on 1st February at the MQ Mental Health Science Meeting 2018. Lord O’Shaughnessy said: “I’d like to offer my congratulations to the winners of this award. We know that tackling the increasingly complex health challenges we face means harnessing the potential of new technology.  Through the NIHR, we spend £1bn per year bringing great British innovations into the NHS for the benefit of patients.”

The award comes after a winner-takes-all competition in which the NIHR challenged research teams across the nation to come up with innovative technological solutions to help people with mental health problems. Today the search for disruptive technologies in the mental health space continues with the launch of the 2018 competition. Martin Hunt, NIHR i4i Programme Director said: “I am delighted we have been able to attract and support such an ambitious, potentially transformational project, from a world class team. I hope that the 2018 competition attracts a similar calibre of applications to enable us to support the translation of more ground breaking technologies, for the benefit of people living with mental health conditions.”

This is such a fantastic opportunity to involve patients in the design of new and exciting VR therapies. It brings together a great team of designers, patients, psychologists, and computer scientists to work towards something with huge potential for impact.
– Jonathan West at the Royal College of Art, whose Helen Hamlyn Centre for Design will be working with patients to refine the design of the virtual reality therapy

Thomas Kabir from the mental health charity the McPin Foundation, one of the partners in the project, said: “People with mental health problems will be heavily involved in all aspects of this study. We believe that this will transform the research for the benefit of all.”

The full list of partners in the project is: Oxford University, NIHR MindTech MedTech Co-operative, the McPin Foundation, the Royal College of Art, the virtual reality tech spinout company Nowican, Oxford University Innovation, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester University, Newcastle University, University of Barcelona, Nottingham University, Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, and the Avon and Wiltshire NHS Foundation Trust.

On the blog

NIHR – Virtual Benefits for the Real World by Daniel Freeman, 01 February 2018